Category Archives: Tech

Mirroring OmniOS: The Complete Guide; Part One

Chapter Ⅰ

I know that “Complete Guide” and “Part One” are oxymorons, but hey, be happy that I’m publishing in parts, otherwise I’d completely ignore this blog post.

Two weeks ago I decided to play with illumos again. I was speaking with a friend and we were sharing our frustrations regarding Open-Source contribution. We write the code, we submit, we get feedback, we submit again, and then we’re ghosted. It’s like the LinkedIn or Tinder version of Software Engineering.

Then I asked him about his best open-source experience and he told me “illumos of course!”.

I was amazed. I thought you had to be very technical in order to even build illumos, but turns out they have an amazing documentation on building illumos and OmniOS (an illumos distribution) has done work to make sure that the system can be self-hosted (i.e. The OS can build itself).

So, I decided to fire up OmniOS on our hackerspace server running FreeBSD inside a bhyve VM.

The installation went smoothly, but the IPS packages were slow to download, and I might be wrong (please correct me if I am) but IPS doesn’t seem to be keeping a local copy of the files. It always downloads. Is that configurable?

Regardless. I thought that the best way to contribute is to advocate. In order to do that I needed to make sure that IPS servers are fast in Armenia. Hence the mirroring project started.

Obey!

Requirements

Here are some terminology that I will use in this blog post, just so we are on the same page.

  • OmniOS: an illumos distribution
  • Origin: OmniOS’s IPS servers at pkg.omnios.org
  • Local: A copy of the Origin
  • Repository: A collection of software
  • Core: The Core Repository of OmniOS
  • Extras: The Extra Repository of OmniOS
  • IPS or PKG: The Image Packaging System and its utility, pkg
  • Zone: an illumos Zone (similar to FreeBSD Jails, Linux Containers, chroot) running on OmniOS

Now that we are on the same page, let’s talk about our setup and what we need.

  • An internet connection: duh!
  • A domain name: I decided to use pkg.omnios.illumos.am. Yes, I’m lucky like that.
  • A publicly accessible IP address.
  • A server: I am running OmniOS Stable (r151048) inside a VM. You can use bare-metal or a cloud VM if you want.
  • Storage: I am currently using around 50GB of storage, expect that to go around 300GB when we get to Part Three

Pre-Mirroring Setup

Before we setup our mirror, let’s make sure that we have a good infrastructure that we can maintain.

Here’s what we’ll create

  • A Zone that will act as the HTTP(s) server using nginx at IP address 10.10.0.80
  • A Zone that will do the mirroring using IPS tools at 10.10.0.51
  • An virtual dumb switch (etherstub) that will connect the Zones and the Global-Zone (a.k.a The Host) together. The GZ will have an address of 10.10.0.1
  • ZFS datasets for each Core and Extras Repository (for each release)

Please note that there are many ways to do this, for example, having everything in a Global Zone, running IPS mirroring and nginx in a single Zone, not using etherstub at all, etc. But I like this setup as it will allow us to “grow” in the future.

From now on, omnios# means that we’re in the Global Zone and zone0# means we’re inside a Zone named zone0.

Let’s start with setting up our etherstub and connecting our Global Zone to it

omnios# dladm create-etherstub switch0
omnios# dladm create-vnic -l switch0 vnic0
omnios# ipadm create-if vnic0
omnios# ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.10.0.1/24 vnic0/switch0

Done!

Now, we will setup our Zones using the zadm utility. Install zadm by running

omnios# pkg install zadm

After installing zadm, we’ll create a dataset for our Zones

omnios# zfs create -o mountpoint=/zones rpool/zones

This assumes that your ZFS pool is named rpool.

Finally, we can create our Zones. Running

omnios# zadm create -b pkgsrc www0

will open your $EDITOR, where you need to modify some JSON, here’s what mine looks like!

{
   "autoboot" : "true",
   "brand" : "pkgsrc",
   "ip-type" : "exclusive",
"dns-domain" : "omnios.illumos.am", "net" : [ { "allowed-address" : "10.10.0.80/24", "defrouter" : "10.10.0.1", "global-nic" : "switch0", "physical" : "www0" } ], "pool" : "", "scheduling-class" : "", "zonename" : "www0", "zonepath" : "/zones/www0" }

After saving the file, zadm will install the Zone.

Now let’s setup our mirroring Zone. Do the same but change the Zone name to repo, the brand to lipkg (and -b lipkg) and set the IP address to 10.10.0.51/24.

All we need now is to forward the HTTP/HTTPS traffic to www0 Zone and allow all Zones to access the internet using NAT.

Create and edit the IPFilter’s NAT file at /etc/ipf/ipnat.conf, here’s an example configuration

map vioif0 10.10.0.0/24 -> 212.34.250.10

rdr vioif0 212.34.250.10/32 port 80 -> 10.10.0.80 port 80 tcp
rdr vioif0 212.34.250.10/32 port 443 -> 10.10.0.80 port 443 tcp

Make sure you set the correct interface name and the correct external IP address.

Finally, we can boot our Zones!

omnios# zadm boot www0
omnios# zadm boot repo

You should see the following output when you run zadm again

omnios# zadm
NAME              STATUS     BRAND       RAM    CPUS  SHARES
global            running    ipkg        56G      12       1
repo              running    lipkg         -       -       1
www0              running    pkgsrc        -       -       1

Great! Let’s setup the mirroring process.

Mirroring Setup

Let’s create a ZFS dataset for repos for each release

repo# zfs create -o mountpoint=/repo rpool/zones/repo/ROOT/repo      
repo# zfs create rpool/zones/repo/ROOT/repo/r151048      
repo# zfs create rpool/zones/repo/ROOT/repo/r151048/core 
repo# zfs create rpool/zones/repo/ROOT/repo/r151048/extra

And then we use the pkgrepo command to create a repository

repo# pkgrepo create /repo/r151048/core
repo# pkgrepo create /repo/r151048/extra

And finally, we can start receiving the packages from Origin to Local

repo# pkgrecv -s https://pkg.omnios.org/r151048/core/  -d /repo/r151048/core  '*'
repo# pkgrecv -s https://pkg.omnios.org/r151048/extra/ -d /repo/r151048/extra '*'

This will take a while depending on your internet connection speed and the load on OmniOS’s Origin. It’s like a good investment, we spend load and time now so we save traffic and time later 🙂

After it’s done, we need to set the publisher of these repos the same as Origin.

repo# pkgrepo set -s /repo/r151048/core   publisher/prefix=omnios
repo# pkgrepo set -s /repo/r151048/extra/ publisher/prefix=extra.omnios

And we’re done!

Now need to serve these repos using IPS’s depot server.

We will create two instances of the depotd server, one for core and one for extra.

  • r151048/core will run on 5148
  • r151048/extra will run on 1148
  • (in the future) r151050/core will run on 5150
  • (in the future) r151050/extra will run on 1150

We start with core

repo# svccfg -s pkg/server add r151048_core
repo# svccfg -s pkg/server:r151048_core addpg pkg application
repo# svccfg -s pkg/server:r151048_core setprop pkg/inst_root = /repo/r151048/core/
repo# svccfg -s pkg/server:r151048_core setprop pkg/port = 5148
repo# svccfg -s pkg/server:r151048_core setprop pkg/proxy_base = https://pkg.omnios.illumos.am/r151048/core

And we do the same for extra

repo# svccfg -s pkg/server add r151048_extra
repo# svccfg -s pkg/server:r151048_extra addpg pkg application
repo# svccfg -s pkg/server:r151048_extra setprop pkg/inst_root = /repo/r151048/extra/
repo# svccfg -s pkg/server:r151048_extra setprop pkg/port = 1148
repo# svccfg -s pkg/server:r151048_extra setprop pkg/proxy_base = https://pkg.omnios.illumos.am/r151048/extra

Finally, we enable the services

repo# svcadm enable  pkg/server:r151048_core pkg/server:r151048_extra
repo# svcadm restart pkg/server:r151048_core pkg/server:r151048_extra

Let’s check!

We’re good! Now let’s setup Nginx 🙂

The Web Server

This part is pretty easy, we login into www0, install nginx, and setup some paths. I will be posting a copy-pasta of my configs, I assume you can do the rest 🙂

www0# pkgin update
www0# pkgin install nginx

Thank you SmartOS! 🧡

In my nginx.conf, I added

include vhosts/*.conf;

and then in /opt/local/etc/nginx/vhosts I created a file
named pkg.omnios.illumos.am.conf, which looks like this

server {
        listen 80;
        server_name pkg.omnios.illumos.am;

        location /.well-known/acme-challenge/ {
          alias /opt/local/www/acme/.well-known/acme-challenge/;
        }

        location / {
            return 301 "https://pkg.omnios.illumos.am";
        }
}

server {
    listen       443 ssl;
    server_name  pkg.omnios.illumos.am;

    ssl_certificate      /etc/ssl/pkg.omnios.illumos.am/fullchain.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key  /etc/ssl/pkg.omnios.illumos.am/key.pem;
    location /r151048/core/ {
                proxy_pass http://10.10.0.51:5148/;
    }

    location /r151048/extra/ {
                proxy_pass http://10.10.0.51:1148/;
    }

    location / {
# This needs to be changed, later... add_header Content-Type text/plain; return 200 "ok..."; } }

Finally, we just need to enable nginx

www0# svcadm enable pkgsrc/nginx

and check!

Using the Local Repos

This part is actually pretty easy. We just need to remove everything that exists and add our own. I will be running this on a computer named dna0.

dna0# pkg set-publisher -M '*' -G '*' omnios
dna0# pkg set-publisher -M '*' -G '*' extra.omnios
dna0# pkg set-publisher -O https://pkg.omnios.illumos.am/r151048/core omnios
dna0# pkg set-publisher -O https://pkg.omnios.illumos.am/r151048/extra extra.omnios
dna0# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION extra.omnios origin online F https://pkg.omnios.illumos.am/r151048/extra/ omnios origin online F https://pkg.omnios.illumos.am/r151048/core/

We’re good! 🙂

Fetching Updates

By the time I wanted to publish this I noticed that there’s a new OmniOS Weekly Update, so I thought, hey, maybe I should try updating the Local Repo as well… how do we do that?

Turns out I just need to pkgrecv again, and then run a refresh command.

pkgrecv -v -s https://pkg.omnios.org/r151048/core/ -d /repo/r151048/core/ '*'
pkgrepo -s /repo/r151048/core refresh

And looks like we’re good! Maybe we can setup a simple cronjob 🙂

Final Notes

This has been an amazing experience. Since I started using OmniOS two weeks ago, I’ve setup the mirror, I installed two OmniOS deployments on production for two organization, and I talked about it during our Armenian Hackers Radio Podcast. With this mirror completely setup, I can advocate even more!

I’d like to send my thanks (and later, my money) to the OmniOS team for the amazing work they’re doing, special thanks to andyf for answering all of my questions, neirac for pushing me to try more illumos in my life and everyone who contributed to the docs and blog posts that I used. I’ll leave some links below.

Finally, for the coming (two) posts I will talk about mirroring downloads.OmniOS.org (for ISO/USB/ZFS images) and the pkgsrc repository run by SmartOS/MNX.

Thank you for reading and thank you, illumos-community for being so nice ^_^

That’s all folks…

Links

Reply via email.

macOS log(1): Finding out the previous name of BT device

I got a new mouse yesterday to use it with Mac Mouse Fix, an amazing application that “Makes Your $10 Mouse Better Than an Apple Trackpad!”. I can assure you it does.

The mouse connects via Bluetooth, a short-range wireless technology that even after 25 years, it’s either insecure, unstable or both. Sometimes it’s none, but only when the vendors of both sides are aware of each other.

Anyways. I connected the mouse and renamed it to “Antranig’s Mouse”, now all I need is a cat. An hour later a friend asked me which model was the mouse. I had no idea, but I thought, hey, the original name of the BT device was the model name, right? Maybe I can check that.

Luckily, macOS logs everything, and I mean everything, so I used the log(1) command to see what was the previous name.

Here’s the command to run and what the output looks like

log show --style compact --info --last 12h --predicate 'process == "bluetoothd" && subsystem == "com.apple.bluetooth”' | grep setName
2024-01-06 18:57:38.908 Df bluetoothd[375:8d0c1] [com.apple.bluetooth:CBStackController] setName: device 01903735-1591-7A71-C597-CE40C2ACB232, 'Dell Mouse MS5120W' -> 'Antranig's Mouse'

A simple explanation:

  • style compact: log has styles of output, there’s the default, which is long, and there’s compact, which is short. You can also set it to json.
  • info: type if information, it can also be default or debug.
  • last: time range, can be set to m, h, d for minutes, hours or days.
  • predicate: a macOS predicate, for more information check Predicate Programming Guide.
    • process: a process, in this case bluetoothd.
    • subsystem: a macOS subsystem, in this case com.apple.bluetooth. How did I know that? note sure, but my brains contains a lot of information.
  • grep: Unix grep(1), because we party like its 1969.

I also don’t remember how I knew that I should look for setName, but that’s life for you.

And of course, we get the output, the device was previously named Dell Mouse MS5120W

That’s all folks…

Reply via email.

macOS Sonoma’s Keyboard Layout Switching: When Apple needs actual diversity

I did it, I finally upgraded to macOS Sonoma. To my surprise there’s only a single thing that’s bugging me… Switching the keyboard layout.

Multi-lingual people use multiple keyboard layouts. Most of the time we use custom keyboard layouts because Apple doesn’t like listening to its customers on how keyboard layouts should look like.

Here’s what happens when you switch the keyboard layout on macOS Sonoma

(and here’s the GIF version)

This is really bad, as many people might have multiple layouts which have the same icon. In my case, for example, I use both the Armenian Eastern Alternative layout (custom made, as Apple still ships a very bad Armenian layout) and the Armenian Typewriter layout (custom made, as Apple still… you get the point).

They both have the same “icon” so it’s impossible to know which layout I’m choosing.

Compare this with macOS Ventura where you can see exactly which layout you’re choosing. Here’s a screenshot from Lilith’s computer.

Yes, Lilith uses Armenian Phonetic with English, also a custom layout, as Apple still… didn’t we just do this?

Clearly, Apple lacks diversity. They don’t have people there who use multiple layouts, or custom layouts, or maybe they all just use Emojis to communicate. I really don’t know how this happened, but it was clearly a very bad decision for the majority of the planet.

Dear Apple, if you are reading this, please just email/iMessage/call me, I will show you to to make this better again (just “minify” the old version) and show you the proper Armenian layouts. There are 7 of them. Actually, just have a look at Xorg, the community has published the proper layouts there decades ago.

Thank you.

That’s all folks… 

Reply via email.

Generating SSHFP Records

I added a new server to our hackerspace last week. This new server will be used for research in security. When I was adding the new DNS record when I realized that the previous server had a SSHFP record as well!

I remember that I should use the ssh-keygen command, however, like a normal human being, I forgot which flag to use. A simple search in the manual page says that I should use -r flag, so here we go.

antranigv@srv0:~ % ssh-keygen -r srv0
srv0 IN SSHFP 1 1 785b3fa04870e92bf25f4c7f7092733acf586ffb
srv0 IN SSHFP 1 2 847fd4a76ef7dfcef31ac3fa18c139413ab0017fa17014b3884bff161c3364de
srv0 IN SSHFP 3 1 8268aa7b8dccf4c0e7881472c72093589ca46b2e
srv0 IN SSHFP 3 2 ea0c9f0a50a825f5a0a59cebf8637876970a34000e6e0afd46bf269e08294a88
srv0 IN SSHFP 4 1 2fbe9d0e2ecdbd9dd58576e4683ee70858ca3f25
srv0 IN SSHFP 4 2 a34643bdce1ef3042cdd76fb7e46fcaf108dc436f8fcdb55daf993a27da0654b

All I need to do is to add these into the DNS zone. Luckily I run BIND, so I copy-pastad them into the file, did +1 to the SOA’s serial and done!

Now I can try logging in.

antranigv@zvartnots:~ $ ssh srv0.hackerspace.am -v
OpenSSH_9.3p1, OpenSSL 3.1.3 19 Sep 2023
debug1: Reading configuration data /Users/antranigv/.ssh/config
debug1: Reading configuration data /Users/antranigv/.ssh/personal
[…]
debug1: Server host key: ssh-ed25519 SHA256:OCsizTimnJi1grbxSY5LpvpLozfZ2pk+4Jzwg60WKYA debug1: found 6 secure fingerprints in DNS debug1: verify_host_key_dns: matched SSHFP type 4 fptype 1 debug1: verify_host_key_dns: matched SSHFP type 4 fptype 2 debug1: matching host key fingerprint found in DNS

and I logged in properly!

Reply via email.

Antranig Vartanian

November 12, 2023

I spent some time and moved my What I Use page to WordPress. I finally have a good reason to use the details HTML tag.

I also updated the content! My new music player(s) is the iPod! More about that, soon!

Reply via email.

macOS Desktops limit?

If you’ve ever wondered how many Desktops you can have on macOS, the answer, based on my 10 second test is 16. I do, however, have two apps in fullscreen mode (OmniFocus and Music.app).

Foo

I wonder if this is per screen. If any of you has an external monitor, please test and let me know!

Fun fact: you cant do “⌘⇪3” (Command+Shift+3) to capture the screen if you’re in Mission Control, instead I ran the following inside a terminal.

sleep 5 && screencapture /tmp/foo.png

If you like to nerd out on Unix-y stuff, here’s a screenshot from the manual page of screencapture(1).

Screenshot 2023 11 02 at 7 52 29 PM

Better documentation is needed, indeed.

That’s all folks…

Reply via email.

bhyve CPU Allocation Test for 256 core machine

During the last bhyve weekly call, Michael Dexter asked me to run the bhyve CPU Allocation Test that he wrote in order to see if number of CPUs in the guest makes the system boot longer.

Here’s a post with the details of the test and my findings.

The host machines runs the following

# uname -a
FreeBSD genomic.abi.am 13.2-RELEASE FreeBSD 13.2-RELEASE releng/13.2-n254617-525ecfdad597 GENERIC amd64

# sysctl hw.model hw.ncpu
hw.model: AMD EPYC 7702 64-Core Processor
hw.ncpu: 256

# dmidecode -t processor | grep 'Socket Designation'
        Socket Designation: CPU1
        Socket Designation: CPU2

# sysctl hw.physmem hw.realmem hw.usermem
hw.physmem: 2185602236416
hw.realmem: 2200361238528
hw.usermem: 2091107983360

Basically, it’s FreeBSD 13.2, with 2TB of RAM, 2 CPUs with 64 cores each, 2 threads each, totaling 256 vCores

The test runs a bhyve VM with minimal FreeBSD, that’s built with OccamBSD. The main changes are the following:

  • /boot/loader.conf has the line autoboot_delay="0"
  • There are no service enabled
  • /etc/rc.local has the line shutdown -p now

The machine boots and then it shuts down.

Here’s what I’ve got in the log file →

Host CPUs: 256
1 booted in 9 seconds
2 booted in 9 seconds
3 booted in 9 seconds
4 booted in 9 seconds
5 booted in 9 seconds
6 booted in 9 seconds
7 booted in 9 seconds
8 booted in 9 seconds
9 booted in 10 seconds
10 booted in 10 seconds
11 booted in 10 seconds
12 booted in 11 seconds
13 booted in 10 seconds
14 booted in 11 seconds
15 booted in 12 seconds
16 booted in 9 seconds
17 booted in 12 seconds
18 booted in 18 seconds
19 booted in 14 seconds
20 booted in 15 seconds
21 booted in 22 seconds
22 booted in 17 seconds
23 booted in 23 seconds
24 booted in 10 seconds
25 booted in 10 seconds
26 booted in 17 seconds
27 booted in 14 seconds
28 booted in 15 seconds
29 booted in 12 seconds
30 booted in 15 seconds
31 booted in 31 seconds
32 booted in 19 seconds
33 booted in 15 seconds
34 booted in 32 seconds
35 booted in 18 seconds
36 booted in 22 seconds
37 booted in 24 seconds
38 booted in 17 seconds
39 booted in 24 seconds
40 booted in 13 seconds
41 booted in 15 seconds
42 booted in 23 seconds
43 booted in 37 seconds
44 booted in 21 seconds
45 booted in 19 seconds
46 booted in 12 seconds
47 booted in 17 seconds
48 booted in 19 seconds
49 booted in 17 seconds
50 booted in 18 seconds
51 booted in 15 seconds
52 booted in 20 seconds
53 booted in 14 seconds
54 booted in 22 seconds
55 booted in 18 seconds
56 booted in 17 seconds
57 booted in 92 seconds
58 booted in 15 seconds
59 booted in 15 seconds
60 booted in 17 seconds
61 booted in 16 seconds
62 booted in 22 seconds
63 booted in 17 seconds
64 booted in 12 seconds
65 booted in 17 seconds

At the 66th core, bhyve crashes, with the following line

Booting the VM with 66 vCPUs
Assertion failed: (curaddr - startaddr < SMBIOS_MAX_LENGTH), function smbios_build, file /usr/src/usr.sbin/bhyve/smbiostbl.c, line 936.
Abort trap (core dumped)    

At this point, bhyve crashes with every ncpu+1, so I had to stop the loop from running.

I had to look into the topology of the CPUs, which FreeBSD can report using

sysctl -n kern.sched.topology_spec

<groups>
 <group level="1" cache-level="0">
  <cpu count="256" mask="ffffffffffffffff,ffffffffffffffff,ffffffffffffffff,ffffffffffffffff">0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255</cpu>
  <children>
   <group level="2" cache-level="0">

[...]

   </group>
  </children>
 </group>
</groups>

You can find the whole output here: kern.sched.topology_spec.xml.txt

The system that we need for production requires 240 vCores. This topology gave me the idea to run that manually, using the socket, cores and threads options →

bhyve -c 240,sockets=2,cores=60,threads=2 -m 1024 -H -A \
    -l com1,stdio \
    -l bootrom,BHYVE_UEFI.fd \
    -s 0,hostbridge \
    -s 2,virtio-blk,vm.raw \
    -s 31,lpc \
    vm0

And it booted all fine! 🙂

240 booted in 33 seconds

For production, however, I use vm-bhyve, so I’ve added the following to my configuration →

cpu="240"
cpu_sockets="2"
cpu_cores="60"
cpu_threads="2"
memory="1856G"

And yes, for those who are wondering, bhyve can virtualize 1.8T of vDRAM all fine 🙂

For my debugging nerds, I’ve also uploaded the bhyve.core file to my server, you may get it at bhyve-cpu-allocation–256.tgz

As long as this is helpful for someone out there, I’ll be happy. Sometimes I forget that not everyone runs massive clusters like we do.

That’s all folks…

Reply via email.

FreeBSD Jail booting & running Devuan GNU+Linux with OpenRC

Two years ago I wrote a blog post named VoidLinux in FreeBSD Jail; with init, where we installed and “booted” VoidLinux in a FreeBSD Jail. I think it’s time to revise that post.

This time we will be using Devuan GNU+Linux, boot things using OpenRC and put some native FreeBSD binaries inside the Linux Jail.

Here’s what I’m running at the moment

root@srv0:~ # uname -v
FreeBSD 13.2-RELEASE releng/13.2-n254617-525ecfdad597 GENERIC

To bootstrap the Devuan system, we need debootstrap. Specifically, debootstrap that ships with Devuan Chimaera. We can start by installing debootstrap from ports/packages, and then we can modify the rest.

pkg install -y debootstrap

Now we need to fetch Devuan’s debootstrap, extract it, put some files into our debootstrap and set some symbolic links.

# Path might change over time, check https://pkginfo.devuan.org/ for the exact link
fetch http://deb.devuan.org/merged/pool/DEVUAN/main/d/debootstrap/debootstrap_1.0.123+devuan3_all.deb

# .deb files are messy, make a directory
mkdir debootstrap_devuan
mv debootstrap_1.0.123+devuan3_all.deb debootstrap_devuan/
cd debootstrap_devuan/
tar xf debootstrap_1.0.123+devuan3_all.deb
tar xf data.tar.gz

# We need chimaera (latest, symlink) and ceres (origin)
cp usr/share/debootstrap/scripts/ceres usr/share/debootstrap/scripts/chimaera /usr/local/share/debootstrap/scripts/

Now we can bootstrap our system. I will be using a ZFS filesystem, but this can be done without ZFS as well.

Keep in mind that my Jail’s path is going to be /usr/local/jails/devuan0, modify this path as needed 🙂

zfs create zroot/jails/devuan0

debootstrap --no-check-gpg --arch=amd64 chimaera /usr/local/jails/devuan0/ http://pkgmaster.devuan.org/merged/

The installation should start now but at some point there, we’ll get the following error:

I: Configuring libpam-runtime...
I: Configuring login...
I: Configuring util-linux...
I: Configuring mount...
I: Configuring sysvinit-core...
W: Failure while configuring required packages.
W: See /usr/local/jails/devuan0/debootstrap/debootstrap.log for details (possibly the package package is at fault)

DON’T PANIC! This is fine 🙂 We just need to chroot inside, fix this manually and install OpenRC


chroot /usr/local/jails/devuan0 /bin/bash
# Fix base packages
dpkg --force-depends -i /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb
# Set Cache-Start
echo "APT::Cache-Start 251658240;" > /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/00chroot
# Install OpenRC
apt update
apt install openrc

We have almost everything ready. We just need to create a password database file that the jail(8) command uses internally.

cd /usr/local/jails/devuan0/etc/
echo "root::0:0::0:0:Charlie &:/root:/bin/bash" > master.passwd
pwd_mkdb -d ./ -p master.passwd
# Restore the Linux passwd file
cp passwd- passwd

We can also move our statically linked FreeBSD binaries into the Linux Jail so we can use them when needed

cp -a /rescue /usr/local/jails/devuan0/native

Now we just need our Jail configuration file. We can put that at /etc/jail.conf.d/devuan0.conf

(This assumes that you’re network is configured similar to “VNET Jail HowTo Part 2: Networking”

# vim: set syntax=sh:
exec.clean;
allow.raw_sockets;
mount.devfs;

devuan0 {
  # ID == epair index :)
  $id             = "0";
  $bridge         = "bridge0";
  # Set a domain :)
  $domain         = "bsd.am";
  vnet;
  vnet.interface = "epair${id}b";

  mount.fstab     = "/etc/jail.conf.d/${name}.fstab";

  exec.prestart   = "ifconfig epair${id} create up";
  exec.prestart  += "ifconfig epair${id}a up descr vnet-${name}";
  exec.prestart  += "ifconfig ${bridge} addm epair${id}a up";

  exec.start      = "/sbin/openrc default";

  exec.stop       = "/sbin/openrc shutdown";

  exec.poststop   = "ifconfig ${bridge} deletem epair${id}a";
  exec.poststop  += "ifconfig epair${id}a destroy";

  host.hostname   = "${name}.${domain}";
  path            = "/usr/local/jails/devuan0";

  # Maybe mkdir this path :)
  exec.consolelog = "/var/log/jail/${name}.log";

  persist;
  allow.socket_af;
}

As you have guessed, we also need an fstab file, that should go into /etc/jail.conf.d/devuan0.fstab

devfs       /usr/local/jails/devuan0/dev      devfs     rw                   0 0
tmpfs       /usr/local/jails/devuan0/dev/shm  tmpfs     rw,size=1g,mode=1777 0 0
fdescfs     /usr/local/jails/devuan0/dev/fd   fdescfs   rw,linrdlnk          0 0
linprocfs   /usr/local/jails/devuan0/proc     linprocfs rw                   0 0
linsysfs    /usr/local/jails/devuan0/sys      linsysfs  rw                   0 0
tmpfs       /usr/local/jails/devuan0/tmp      tmpfs     rw,mode=1777         0 0

Finally, let’s load some kernel modules (in case they haven’t yet)

service linux enable
service linux start
kldload netlink

Let’s start our Jail!

jail -c -f /etc/jail.conf.d/devuan0.conf

Is it running?

 # jls -N
 JID             IP Address      Hostname                      Path
 devuan0                         devuan0.bsd.am                /usr/local/jails/devuan0

Yes it is!

Now we can jexec into it and run things!

root@srv0:~ # jexec -l devuan0 /bin/bash
root@devuan0:~# uname -a
Linux devuan0.bsd.am 4.4.0 FreeBSD 13.2-RELEASE releng/13.2-n254617-525ecfdad597 GENERIC x86_64 GNU/Linux

The process tree looks neat as well!

root@devuan0:~# ps f
  PID TTY      STAT   TIME COMMAND
74682 pts/1    S      0:00 /bin/bash
78212 pts/1    R+     0:00  \_ ps f
48412 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/cron
41190 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/rsyslogd

Let’s do some networking things! Let’s setup networking and install OpenSSH.
(This assumes that you’re network is configured similar to “VNET Jail HowTo Part 2: Networking”)

# Setup network interfaces
/native/ifconfig lo0 inet 127.0.0.1/8 up
/native/ifconfig epair0b inet 10.0.0.10/24 up
/native/route add default 10.0.0.1

# Install and start OpenSSH server
apt-get --no-install-recommends install openssh-server
rc-service ssh start

You should be able to ping things now

~# ping -n -c 1 bsd.am
ping: WARNING: setsockopt(ICMP_FILTER): Protocol not available
PING  (37.252.73.34) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 37.252.73.34: icmp_seq=1 ttl=55 time=2.60 ms

---  ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.603/2.603/2.603/0.000 ms

To make the networking configuration persistent, we can use the rc.local file that OpenRC executes at boot.

chmod +x /etc/rc.local
echo '/native/ifconfig lo0 inet 127.0.0.1/8 up' >> /etc/rc.local
echo '/native/ifconfig epair0b inet 10.0.0.10/24 up' >> /etc/rc.local
echo '/native/route add default 10.0.0.1' >> /etc/rc.local

Do you know what this means? It means that now you can have proper ZFS, DTrace and pf firewalling with Linux. Congrats, now you have clean waters.

That’s all folks…

P.S. I would like to thank my mentor, norayr, for showing me how to start/stop OpenRC manually, and the awesome folks at #devuan for their help.

Reply via email.

Antranig Vartanian

July 10, 2023

In case you didn’t know, OpenSMTPd is so outdated on Ubuntu systems, that you’ll need to install it from sources, otherwise expect some TLS issues 🙂

You will need to use the following:

./configure \
 --with-user-smtpd=opensmtpd \
 --with-user-queue=opensmtpq \
 --with-group-queue=opensmtpq

mkdir -p /var/empty

ln -s /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt /usr/lib/ssl/cert.pem

Congrats, now you have a proper working SMTP server.

Cheers.

Reply via email.

Link

Alecu Ștefan-Iulian: “Long rant about “obsolete” languages (not):

Long rant about “obsolete” languages (not); contains swearing

Number two: #pascal (and #delphi). Going raw on this one.

“Pascal is just for teaching”. As if a language that’s easy to learn for beginners is bad. #python and #js are used a lot in teaching too and I don’t see them get shit for this. I pity people who start with #c because that’s an unreadable mess. Additionally, it came I think 2 years earlier than C, so it had to deal with the same constraints that C had. It has a lot of low level capabilities and plenty of compiler directives to choose from in case you’re a control freak. We even have asm blocks which, unlike C, aren’t (excuse my Spanish) dogshit to use, we can just reference variables inside them and it works as expected (you have to do some weird stuff in C to get that). We have pointers too and use them decently frequently. Pascal, along with ALGOL-60, was designed as a language for formal specification and teaching of algorithms, but contrary to ALGOL-68, emphasis was put on simplicity (imagine a world in which ALGOL-W was ALGOL-68…).

“Pascal is slow”. What? Pascal was fast even back when Turbo Pascal was all the rage, a direct competitor to C. #apple sure had their reasons to choose Object Pascal (basis for Delphi) when they did the Apple ][ and Apple ///). There also existed UCSD Pascal which ran on the UCSD p-System, popular at that time (it ran actual Pascal p-code, which means it was the Pascal equivalent of the #lisp Machine, really powerful). Free Pascal is on par sometimes with even GCC.

“Pascal is outdated”. News flash for people who’ve only tried Turbo Pascal: we have interfaces, generics, lambdas, Unicode support, database support through a common interface, dynamic arrays, abstract and sealed classes, for..in, operator overloading, static methods/properties, RTTI, type inference and so, so, so much more. We’re more than able to meet modern demands with the amount of libraries at our disposal. It runs on more platforms than it ever has before (I beg you to find me a more portable language than Pascal (and Free Pascal specifically) that’s not C, it’s gonna be a rough realization). I have actual enums that work like symbols, I can have negative indices, character indices, enum indices, whatever. That allows me a lot of freedom (for example, it’s a pain to iterate over enums in C, something I have to deal with in #cpp in my compiler). It’s fast, performant, easy to understand and still has room for improvement.

“Pascal’s syntax is too verbose”. It is verbose in a readable way, unlike some other public, static and void of any elegance main languages that are both terse and verbose in the most cursed way. The syntax is well structured and strict, which is good for not just beginners, but also parsers. In C, a function is 1. its signature and 2. the declaration of variables.. and definition of function which may be mixed up. In Pascal, it’s clear: 1. function/procedure signature, 2. declaration of variables, 3. definition of function/procedure/program. Simple as that, it follows a predictable structure. Don’t even get me started on C’s = vs == (which can BOTH be used as valid Boolean expressions), unlike Pascal where we have := for assignment and = for comparison (they’re mutually exclusive, as in assignment isn’t Boolean and comparison isn’t an assignment). We also have `<>` which is really different from != in C. I don’t need to insert break everywhere in my Case … Of section in Pascal because the syntax is strict and so it knows where to stop. There’s a strict difference between a pointer and a string (we have native strings too, btw, unlike C). We also have native set operators (and sets, obviously); we can check if an element is in a set via in, we can include/exclude elements, compare sets ((symmetric) difference), combine and intersect them). This is all in the language, no extra units needed.

You Pascal and Delphi haters (usually ones that never even attempted to try these languages, as always, the grapes sure are sour) aren’t grateful enough for these languages existing. For one, it’s the first widely used implementation of a bytecode (if you want to put it that way, it’s also the first VM). The chief designer of Delphi went on to create C# (which you don’t seem to have a problem with, mostly, although the Delphi influence is clear as the night sky in the mountains). Also, have you heard of these irrelevant programs named Skype and InnoSetup? Yeah, those ones. News flash: they’re in Pascal (I think Delphi specifically). Delphi essentially pioneered the concept of RAD (rapid application development) in an IDE form which is why it evolved to fit so nicely with GUI development in mind, unlike its C++ sibling in RAD Studio. It’s still hard to beat Delphi in the GUI department (too bad Embarcadero realized a bit too late that they needed a Community Edition… or Linux support). Visual Basic, Visual FoxPro, VB.NET, C#… it all started with Delphi.

I absolutely agree with Alecu about all of this, and about the rest of his rant as well.

There are so many awesome programming languages out there that do exactly what they are supposed to do, and yet no one talks about them, either because they don’t have a C-style syntax, or follow a different paradigm or they are not hyped.

Never underestimate a tiny programming language that gets shit done, or an old programming language that learned from its mistakes.

Reply via email.